The Impact of Smoking on Pancreatic Cancer: A Review of the Influence of Tobacco Type and Smoking Patterns on the Dose-Response Relationship

The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the effects of smoking-related chemicals on fibrosis and inflammation, two important pathological features of PC. Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal cancers in the United States and Europe. The molecular mechanisms of PC are complex and poorly understood, and the available treatments are largely ineffective. Smoking is a well-known risk factor for PC, but how smoking contributes to PC initiation and progression remains elusive. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of developing PC. We also explore how smoking chemicals may modulate the activity of pancreatic stem cells, which are implicated in PC development and resistance to therapy. We highlight the potential molecular targets and biomarkers that could be used for early detection and treatment of smoking-induced PC. This review also suggests potential molecular targets and biomarkers that could be used for early detection and treatment of smoking-induced PC, which could improve the survival and quality of life of PC patients.